International Border Monitoring Systems and Technologies

From the foregoing, it has been observed that border security is not only a collection of agencies and firms geared towards making money, but also has an outstanding role in the society[1]. These have been outlined below:

-          Ensure utmost safety to the locals of a nation which faces immigration threats. Case in point, the European Nations have been covered with the likes of Borderline to ensure that they are free of any sort of drug or human trafficking which are a consequence of unlawful immigration.

-          Typically, Dolphin security has shown great interest appertaining to the safety of immigrants by deploying an ocean-wide search to ensure that immigrants who risk their lives pacing via waterways remain safe.

Try and cover each and every security loophole which may be left unattended to. Such include the establishment of seismic surveillance systems[2].

Thales’ border surveillance system aims to improve the basic control and border management, owing to the fact that the security levels are daily depreciating. Basically, Thales’s goal is to offer impressive and quality services from standalone equipment, such as sensors, and work toward customizing services for the purposes of logistic support as well as training tools and services[3]. Thales wants to ensure that the present security levels are appraised and prepared for the future, tweaking the response time, detection, reception and optimal use of resources while achieving impressive results. On the norm, Thales is aimed at tailoring the current operations to conform to the IT line in a secure manner and coming with a modern and complete turnkey Integrated Border Management System[4]. Among the other border security agencies, Thales security agency, also has some flaws, such as, the agency works based on the assumption of a partnership amongst neighboring countries which is not always the case. Thicker and denser areas may be impenetrable, hindering operations as some radars may not re-route information back to the head office.

OptaSense aims for cost-effectiveness with the promised results. Moreover, OptaSense has a maturely set software technology, which makes it easier to install. Generally, OptaSense is intended to monitor the access routes for a more secure border environment, both in the roads and the forests. OptaSense tries to alter the asset deployment schema and come up with not only portable but also effective systems unlike what is currently available[5]. Generally, OptaSense does have a well-laid set of objectives, including try and eliminate the use of the existing fibers and offer a much better and secure way of providing data across nations. Moreover, extend the total coverage, capturing the more remote areas and ensuring the utmost security in the long haul. Unequivoclly, this specific agency does have a number of flaws, such as, many times, the software technology being used may be new to the user, and a few times the equipment has encountered a number of false alarms, making it unreliable in the event of real danger[6].

Typically, Airbus’ technology tries to tailor its operations to meet the needs of the users on demand. The Green and Blue security solutions, for instance, are impressive when it comes to the consumer pool of choice. One of the goals of Airbus is to deploy an artificial intelligence system which is capable of gathering, aggregating and evaluating data from numerous sources[7]. Airbus ensures that it has a predefined set of fixed and mobile command centers and information systems. Being one of the most impressive surveillance agencies, Airbus’ objective are to develop border sensitive networks which will be connected to command and control centers, to be “personal” in the sense that it can be able to offer the chance to make the sane decisions as a person would and to be the ultimate supplier of fully secure and encrypted end-to-end communication and data transfer. The key disadvantage of this establishment is it does not cater for the landlocked countries, as it is purely water-body oriented[8].

Situated in the European nations, Borderline focuses on two main technologies: European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR) and smart border technology. EUROSUR is more of a perfectionist body, trying to better the heights of what is currently imminent, while smart border is a whole new technology. Basically, Borderline focuses on two main fields: EUROSUR and smart border. With the latter, it is possible to have artificial intelligence systems which would eliminate endless manpower which is currently seen along borders. Typically, the objectives of the firm are to develop, deploy and fund EUROSUR which simply tries to take the surveillance policy to a whole new level by being better, faster and more efficient[9]. In addition, to come up with the smart border technology which will possess the highest level of artificial intelligence and eliminate the need for manual monitoring or tweaking of the sensors. Following a keen analysis, it was observed that the smart border feature is purely a machine and it may be prone to errors, as it is not usually possible to be discriminative in terms of gender and age and even other errors may arise and the deployment of the system is limited within the European Union (EU) alone[10].

Unequivocally, of late, the chances of leaky borders and penetrable security has aroused quite an alarm. Basically, Westminister tries to assist in the provision of high-quality services pertaining to fencing and other physical mechanisms to prevent border encroachment. With Westminister it would be ideally easy to offer impressive laws along the border, which will curb any immigration or human trafficking[11]. Case-based research showed that the main objectives of Westminster are coming up with a mechanism to beat technological drawbacks, such as the development of solar powered border monitors and being able to cover both sea and land through the deployment of drones which are or rather will be accustomed to both environmental conditions. Typically, these are some of the disadvantages of this agency are the use of drones has been quite a disadvantage, as it would be not possible for a drone to be 100% neat when distinguishing between the right and wrong image captured. This agency basically focuses on the border sensitive areas, neglecting the other loopholes to human trafficking[12].

Typically, this agency focuses on improving the decision-making and diplomatic approach to solving matters pertaining to immigration. More so, it tries to ensure that it reduces the death tolls of illegal human trafficking through increased rescue operations. Dolphin is governed by what is referred to as EUROSUR to govern any sort of immigration along the waterways of the EU[13]. Being a sea-based surveillance agency, Dolphin aims to curb the number of people entering the EU borders undetected and increase the internal security level of the European nations by preventing cross-border crimes. Being a sea-based security agency, these are some of the disadvantages are the coverage is quite extensive. It is not easy to cover the mileage in the sea ways. It is typically only for the European nations[14].

Generally, Flir is all about portability and cost effectiveness. The technology brought forward by Flir is quite portable and of the highest quality. Usually, Flir aims to not only deliver but also provide reliable and cost-effective equipment. Flir is focused on ubiquitous technology or rather more portable technology. The likes of TacFLIR 280-HD and others along that line are taking the surveillance technology to a whole new level. Basically, the goals or objectives of Flir are to try to curb the perpetual false alarm rate which is experienced in most border security systems and to deploy a 360 surveillance system which will elevate the security level at large[15]. It was observed that the agency is too capital intensive to install the equipment, as opposed to the other agency and the false alarm rates are higher and hence not as reliable[16].

Established 2001, Army is one of the best and perchance most reliable border security agencies. Moreover, Army has a number of predefined projects, such as deploying pan or tilts, which are simply intended to provide the best short-range surveillance, managing surveillance in the azimuth and the elevation. This system is governed by a complex project solution, delivering impressive overall quality. The target areas are borders, airports and other catastrophic areas of interest. As a surveillance agency, Army tries to achieve the objectives to develop stationary and mobile multi-sensory systems by acting on the target quickly and in a flexible manner to achieve the intended goal. To use the new SAMBA technology to increase the level of security and protect areas from unwanted encroachment by unwanted personnel. Generally, the agency has quite a number of disadvantages, such as, it is basically tied to the Czech Republic and hence not open to other nations. The newly introduced SAMBA technology may be erroneous to some extent[17].

Basically, Radiobarrier is one of the best and perchance most impressive latest releases from POLUS- ST which offers impressive and timely technology. This security agency focuses on perfecting what it has already planned. Managed by Akademgorodok, this system delivers Radiobarrier with the latest technological advancements, making sure that all is set in place. Nevertheless, this establishment also does take care of deploying rapidly installable perimeters and critical infrastructure security. With that, it is the perfect system in the event of need for urgency. Generally, the mission statement or the objective of this establishment is to find solutions for any unresolved problems. Such are the invocation toward better pipeline security and perimeter protection. The main limitation of the establishment is that it is located and restricted within Russia. As such, it is not able to reach more markets[18].

Managed by one of the best departments, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and governed by Integrated Surveillance Intelligence System (ISIS), Global delivers the latest technology, such as drone-powered monitoring and impressive remote video surveillance (RVS). The key goal is to reach the most impenetrable parts. The key target of this agency is setting-up seismic powered sensors, which will unequivocally be a game changer to what is available at present[19]. Typically, the objectives of this specific organization are to offer more advanced remote video surveillance and physical sensors in conjunction with RVS and to establish underground sensors which will work based on the seismic waves principle to detect migration in the target areas. These are some of the limitations faced by the agency, such as, there are proximity limitations which is a great disadvantage and the camera and the sensors at times require manual tweaking, which is not as impressive[20].

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[i] Bigo, D. (2011). Freedom and speed in enlarged borderzones. The Contested Politics of Mobility: Borderzones and Irregularity, 31-51.

[ii] Sun, Z., Wang, P., Vuran, M. C., Al-Rodhaan, M. A., Al-Dhelaan, A. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2011). BorderSense: Border patrol through advanced wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(3), 468-477.

[iii] Kähloer, M. (2008). The european train control system in thales signalling solutions. Mechanics Transport Communications, 3, 2008.

[iv] Thalesgroup.com, (n.d.). Border surveillance system - Thales Group. [online] Available at: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/defence/border-surveillance-system [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[v] Owen, A., Duckworth, G., & Worsley, J. (2012, August). OptaSense: fibre optic distributed acoustic sensing for border monitoring. In Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC), 2012 European (pp. 362-364). IEEE.

[vi] OptaSense, (n.d.). Border Monitoring | Border Protection | Military Road Transport. [online] Available at: http://www.optasense.com/our-solutions/borders-military/protecting-borders/ [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[vii] AŞAN, E. (2014). AGILE AND COLLABORATIVE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING(Doctoral dissertation, MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY).

[viii] Airbus Defence and Space, (n.d.). Border Surveillance & Control - Airbus Defence and Space. [online] Defenceandsecurity-airbusds.com. Available at: http://www.defenceandsecurity-airbusds.com/pl_PL/1283 [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[ix] Shields, P. (2010). ICTS and the European Union's Evolving Border Surveillance Architecture: A Critical Assessment. Observatorio (OBS*), 4(1).

[x] Hayes, B., & Vermeulen, M. (2012). Borderline: The EU's New Border Surveillance Initiatives: Assessing the Costs and Fundamental Rights Implications of EUROSUR and the" Smart Borders" Proposals: a Study by the Heinrich Böll Foundation. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.

[xi] Marsh, L. D. J., & Force, O. C. H. T. T. (2007). Issues Impacting Human Trafficking Collaborations: A Local Law Enforcement Perspective. Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force. Westminster Police Department.

[xii] Westminster, (n.d.). Border Security System and Equipment, Perimeter Access Control and Surveillance. [online] Wi-ltd.com. Available at: http://www.wi-ltd.com/Solutions_by_Sector/Border_Security [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[xiii] Margarit, G. Operational activations of maritime surveillance services within the framework of MARISS, NEREIDS and SAGRES projects.

[xiv] Dolphin, (n.d.). Border Surveillance | GMES DOLPHIN. [online] Gmes-dolphin.eu. Available at: http://www.gmes-dolphin.eu/node/20 [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[xv] Blazakie, J. (2004, January). Border security and unmanned aerial vehicles. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE.

[xvi] FLIR Systems, (n.d.). FLIR Border Surveillance Products | FLIR Systems. [online] Flir.com. Available at: http://www.flir.com/surveillance/display/?id=64968 [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[xvii] Army, (n.d.). EVPU Defence - Monitoring and Surveillance Systems - Army Technology. [online] Army-technology.com. Available at: http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/surveillance/evpu-defence/ [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[xviii] Radio Barrier, (n.d.). Border Surveillance systems. [online] Radiobarrier.com. Available at: http://www.radiobarrier.com/border-surveillance-1/ [Accessed 23 May 2015].

[xix]

[xx] Pike, J. (n.d.). ISIS. [online] Globalsecurity.org. Available at: http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/systems/isis.htm [Accessed 23 May 2015].

Waitrose: High-Quality Produce, but at a Price

International Marketing Plan

Introduction

When it comes to the food and grocery business, Waitrose is one of the major companies that has proved its worth. This company provides the most convenient shopping experience, and the best services and products for its customers, giving shoppers a comfortable and easy experience. With this ethos, people can get the best products at a lower rate, compared to the market, and delivered to their doorsteps. Waitrose is competing with other competitors in the UK market, such as Tesco and Sainsbury's that target lower-end markets, so Waitrose provides the best options in the market for its target customers. Waitrose has the largest delivery area, with around 190 branches around the UK, and has a rapidly developing online business (Waitrose Report, 2010).  

TM Identification and Segments

Waitrose has built up a recognised brand name in the grocery and food business market in the UK. Founded in 1904, the British company is owned by John Lewis, a successful high-end department store in the UK.  The target market of the Waitrose and the segment is the upper middle class of the UK market. By focusing on the TM Identification and segments this company has increased its market share. An analysis is following:

Waitrose has created an identity with its chain of supermarkets, selling groceries and other products. Waitrose won the Verdict's Customer Satisfaction Award in 2013 in the UK. But when it comes to business, Waitrose has been making losses since 2002, due to the high level of competitors in the same field. Waitrose has maintained its high-quality service to its customers, which is impressively consistent and has helped the company to take a large market share and also expand the business. This is why its store locations range from towns to cities and from 56 thousand feet to seven thousand feet (Waitrose company history, 2010). Waitrose operates in Wales, England and Scotland. This company has changed the traditional ways of shopping by providing its customers a new and innovative shopping experience, especially when grocery shopping. This is why the company has the major share in the UK market, by keeping ahead of its competitors. For example, they introduced a self-scanning and checking out system as you walk around the store and free coffee for its customers.

Market Entry Mode

In most countries, there is a limited area of demand when it comes to online retailing of groceries. The main target area of the Waitrose is the people or the customers that are mostly busy or affluent and have less time for the shopping. These customers prefer the Waitrose due to the services and the quality of products that they offer. In the UK, just 2.6% of the total market and business of grocery is online (Himelstein, Khermouch and Webvan, 2001). Although, there are chances that this will increase in the future as the trends of shopping change and more and more people prefer to shop online. From 2006 to 2009, the online grocery market transaction value grew by almost 85%, from £2.1bn to £3.6bn respectively (Waitrose Report, 2010). This is a huge increase in growth in the online grocery market over a short period. This is why for Waitrose, there are more chances of business than ever before. As shopping trends change in the grocery market, the value of this market will double in the future, due to the growth in online shopping alone (Dekimpe and Hanssens, 2000). Although Waitrose is also in the food business, the grocery market is the major target area for this company. Now, there are more offers available in the shopping market, in comparison to the way we used to shop, customers can experience new things that are introduced in the market very quickly and easily. These tactics are used by companies to attract customers, they offer them the best deals at the lowest price in comparison with other players in the same business (Chintagunta, 1994). In addition, customers have the option to get the product delivered directly to their doors that saves a lot of time and effort.

TM Aims and Objectives

The company maintains a strong viewpoint about the high-quality services they offer to customers and customers can know what to expect when they shop with Waitrose. The aim and objectives of Waitrose include:

Strengthens its relationships with its customers and seeks to offer them only the best quality products. Waitrose's strategy outlines its new perspectives and schemes to highlight its quality. . The most important point is that Waitrose claims its products are farm-sourced and the historic brand retains its quality. This is one of the main reasons that Waitrose can control its exclusive prices in accordance with the market and item cost, and therefore appeal to almost all types of customers.

Although there has been an expansion in the market share of the company, in comparison to the past, the market share of the company has decreased. The main factor is that the company focuses on the upper to middle class market, and therefore offers its high-quality products and services to primarily a smaller market in the UK. So most UK customers, that play an important role in making up the target market, are unable to afford the services that Waitrose offers (Aulakh, 1993). This is one of the main threats to the company, and for this reason Waitrose is developing strategies to target this area of the market, by offering its products and services to all types of customers and making them affordable. So new customers might consider its products and services.

Because of this danger, Waitrose is attempting to build up its appeal to these consumers by re-dispatching its items and accentuating their worth. For this reason, the company is putting a lot of its resources into promoting and progressing the improvement of the business and increasing its market share.

Target Market Strategy

Waitrose is famous for its differentiation strategy that it has used in its business. This company knows its target market, and monitors changing trends, always providing fresh, seasonal products as well as a wide range of high-quality items. The turnover of Waitrose in 2009 was around £1.98bn (Waitrose Report, 2010). The strategy of this company is successful because the customers today like healthy and organic food, and Waitrose provides the best quality products for its customers, and is aware and conscious of its customer's concerns about eating healthily.

Waitrose labels all of its products with a perfect balanced label on, this shows the exact nutrition of each product, following guidelines set by the UK Government in 2005. This company also offers ready meals for customers that don't have time to cook. Due to the advancement in the latest technologies, more and more people have access to the Internet, and are going online to get their shopping (Baumgartner, 2001). The trends have changed in the past few years. Waitrose is using the latest technology to build trust among its customers and to provide them the best shopping experience, wherever they may be. A high-quality service is the key point of Waitrose's strategy. This company offers the best quality products at low cost to its customers. The competitive analysis of

the Waitrose with other competitors is as follows:

Marketing Mix Decisions

In 1960, McCarthy introduced the classification of the four Ps, which are related to the marketing strategy of a company. Marketing-mix is a business tool to ensure the marketing strategy of a company is executed efficiently, and meets its objectives. There are four Ps, these are: price, promotion, product and place. These can be implemented to get the best response from the market.

6.1       Product - Waitrose High Quality Products

Product is one of the main factors that is considered to be the basis of any organization or business. For this reason, almost all companies and retailers focus on the differentiation of their product within the market. As this company offers a huge amount of products it is difficult to focus and analyze all of their products, it is easier and more effective to focus on what products make them different from the rest of the market. The main difference is the high quality products Waitrose offers, this can be seen across all their products and brands. This consistent quality distinguishes them from their competitors. This is why Waitrose considers itself to be the highest quality provider in the market, and this is, without doubt, an effective marketing strategy.

6.2       PRICE – Waitrose: Price Matching Tesco

Price is one of the unique factors that is different from the other points in the marketing-mix strategy. Price generates revenue for the business, while all other mixes produce the cost. The main aim of the company is to provide the best product, and this is why the prices are targeted to the upper and middle classes, but after the financial recession, Waitrose has had to work to lower its prices and to focus on a wider range of customers and classes.

6.3       PLACE – Waitrose: Eldon Square Shopping Centre in Newcastle

Place is a very key point, it can make or break the business. If the best retailer in the world sets up its business in the wrong place, then it can fail. This is why Waitrose has chosen areas that belong to its target customers, which can contribute in the market share. The above location is in a very busy city shopping centre that will have a large footfall of customers from all classes.

6.4       PROMOTION - New Waitrose campaign

Promotion of the product and the business is very important and can increase the market share of the company, as well as the revenue. Promotions can include any advertising, marketing or publicity needed to get the public's attention and subsequent attraction to the stores.  The message can be delivered through a particular product to the customers or be through the introduction of a product that is new in the market. New products are most likely to grab the attention of the customers and make them purchase that item. There are many communication means that can be used as promotion. This includes channels that are proven to target a particular area of the market. In the case of Waitrose, they use TV adverts and newspapers to reach customers. They also use campaigns to promote the business that usually include discounts, special offers and other similar tactics to attract customers.

7.       IM Management

The IM management of the organization along with the monitoring progress and motivation control is effective. Waitrose has a strong presence and it snap up the consumers through the best quality products and the strategy of differentiation that this company has adopt in comparison with other competitors.

The key methodologies concentrate on quality sustenance and quality administrations. As a consequence, the company has won many awards, including Multiple Retailer of the Year and Best UK Retailer. The services the company offer are presently some of the quickest developing classifications, because the increasing revenue of the company will see an increase in its market share (Doyle and Stern, 2006).

8.       Recommendations and Conclusion

Waitrose already has a major market share in the UK grocery market, and in 2010 its profit was around £268 million. Not only this, but in the past few years it has grown by around 28%, strengthening the market share of the company (Waitrose Report, 2010). Alternatively, there are also some problems that can be observed in the policy of the company. Most of the revenue comes from high-quality products, at high rates, according to the company policy this is its main strength. However, this is also a problem or weakness for the company, because the major market share includes a high percentage of people from the middle to lower level classes and in order the increase their revenue and their market share, Waitrose needs to focus on appealing to this area of the market and providing products at prices most people in the market share can afford. This could create a rapid increase in the market share of the company and also generate greater revenue. Waitrose's business originates from its own particular brand, but it would be more helpful for them to provide the best quality at an affordable price. However, Waitrose consistently portrays itself as selling fantastic, high value items, which may be seen as an adverse component to its business on the grounds that it excludes the average individual from shopping there.

References

Aulakh, P. S., & Kotabe, M. (1993). An assessment of theoretical and methodological development in international marketing: 1980–1990. Journal of International Marketing, 1(2), 5–28.

Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J.-B.E.M. (2001, May). Response styles in marketing research: a cross-national investigation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 143–156.

Chintagunta, P. K. (1994, May). Heterogenous logit model impli- cations for brand positioning. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 304–311.

Doyle, P. and Stern, P. (2006), Marketing Management and Strategy, 4th ed., Harlow, Financial Times Prentice Hall.

Dekimpe, M. G., & Hanssens, D. M. (2000). Time series modeling in marketing: past, present and future. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(2–3), 183–193.

Himelstein, L., and Khermouch, G., “Webvan Left the Basics on the Shelf”, Business Week, July 23, 2001, p. 43.

John Lewis Partnership Reports (2010), Waitrose Report, Available at: http://www.waitrose.presscentre.com/Press-Releases/John-Lewis-Partnership-Reports-Strong-First-Half-Year-Performance-666.aspx (Accessed: 29 January 2015).

Smith, E., & Marsden, T. (2004). Exploring the ‘limits to growth’in UK organics: beyond the statistical image. Journal of rural studies, 20(3), 345-357.

Spence, L., & Bourlakis, M. (2009). The evolution from corporate social responsibility to supply chain responsibility: the case of Waitrose. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 14(4), 291-302.

The Convenience of Pre Book Taxi Dubai

Are you ready to take a flight to explore Dubai? Why not book taxi at Dubai airport? The city of Dubai has various breathtaking splendid sights, which you can enjoy best with your hired taxi at your own preferred time. People who visit foreign countries for a vacation or business purposes, need a mode of transport to get around. While the destination they came would have numerous forms of transportation; however, a taxi  is perhaps the most convenient one. There are several Taxi services in Dubai that make it easy for visitors and travelers to obtain a taxi service to spend their true vacation.

Tips on Choosing a Taxi Service

There are several reasons why individuals choose taxi services; however, there are abundant taxi companies, which can be spotted everywhere, but one would not identify which to select. Therefore, just trail the following tips to help you out in making the choice.

The best way of finding a taxi service  is to search on the internet. You can search for the various taxi service providers of the area that you are going to visit. You may also get information on their reputation from their websites. Their websites will also be helpful in showing what sort of vehicles they have and what sort of services they offer. If you are in Dubai, the best mode of transportation will be hiring a taxi.

If you are travelling to Dubai and you wish to hire a taxi service then perhaps it is best to visit the testimonial page of various taxi services. There you will find the reviews of executives who have already been to Dubai and had the experience of hiring a taxi service. Their experience can be helpful to make the right decision.

There are various other attributes associated to taxi hire, not just convenience. It ensures a great level of luxury and comfort to tourists, where they can get the real pleasure of their tour.

Forecasting Methods for Volatile Factors in Budgeting – An Empirical Analysis of Large Austrian Companies

1.       Objective of the Paper

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the forecasting behavior of the large Austrian companies along with the variation that has occurred because of the increase of VUCA in comparison with the pre-crisis situation of the forecast methods that play an integral role in the budgeting of large Austrian companies. The forecasting behavior of the companies has its effect on the progress of the company and also in the growth and expansion. In the financial crises situation that has happened in the year of 2011 and back in 2008, VUCA has decreased the forecasting proficiencies of the companies. This is one of the major challenges that has affected the sustainable corporate management that has a deep relation with the budgeting problems. For this reason, the budget process has been amended on the basis of the quantitative and qualitative forecast methods and this has happened because of the changing trends in the planning factors. These factors have increased the importance of study along with the objectives of the paper. For the better enlightenment of the objectives of the paper, a quantitative online survey has been conducted and in that survey 106 questionnaires were involved for the better evaluation. In this way, the companies that have been surveyed have shown that the financial crises of 2008 have affected them. This is why the large Austrian companies are now using qualitative forecasting methods. The key factors related to the forecasting methods are accuracy of method and flexibility and this paper provides a comprehensive analysis on these factors.

2.       Advanced Techniques and Methods Used in the Computations

In the computations, there are more advanced techniques and methods that are used in these days as compared to the past. There is also another reason that the business environment has changed and now the business trends are changing and more and more large companies are using latest technologies, shifting demographics and working in accordance with the challenges that they have. In the past few years, the whole scenario has changed and this is mostly due to the financial crises that have increased the uncertainty in the business world. The financial crises of 2008 and 2011 have affected the finance markets, procurement and also the variations in the sales. So in order to deal with the modern challenges there are more advanced techniques that are developed today along with the methods that are used in the computations. The companies have also organized their systems in accordance with the latest trends and techniques. VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity) is the main factor in the modern business environment that can change the outcomes and results of a business. By using the advanced techniques and methods along with the huge planning resources companies have still some issues in the budgeting process and here the main problem is the forecasting that is affecting the business conditions. This is because the forecast is the integral part of the budgeting process, but the forecast functionality depends on the internal and external planning factors. This is why the large Austrian companies are working on the internal and external planning factors for the better future and business. Advanced Techniques and methods used in the computations have their role in the changing directions of the business. This is why by using the forecast methods the external and internal planning factors should be briefly described by using the forecast methods. This is essential before the expansion of the business and also while making a business plan for the future. There are many principles that can be used to develop the strong forecast methodologies. There is a huge change in the practices of the forecast management in the last two decades. This study provides a detailed analysis of these factors by conducting a survey that can examine the forecast techniques, accuracy of forecast and its usage, methods, systems and the level of satisfaction. There is a lack of expertise in the forecasting techniques and, for this reason, this paper focuses on the forecasting methods of the large Austrian companies.

3.       Results and Conclusion Described in the Paper

The main objective of this paper was to study and analyze whether the VUCA and the financial crises has changed the forecast method. The next thing was to develop a quantitative research design and a comprehensive review has been discussed.  In this way focusing on the research objectives, the survey has been conducted and a large number of Austrian companies have participated. The results have been analyzed in accordance with the literature review. The forecast methods in the Austrian companies have also been discussed and analyzed. The results have showed the unsuccessful forecast is due to the inefficient resourcing, lack of advanced techniques and methods used in the computations (IT) and unsuitable forecast methods. Most of the large Austrian companies uses qualitative forecasting methods and even opinions of single experts that are unsuitable according to the nature of the business. There is a need to use the quantitative method and the results in the report shows that the usage of flexible forecasting methods along with the accuracy of method are the best tools that can prove to be more efficient. In this report the forecast methods of SMEs have also been analyzed with a detailed picture of the forecasting methods in the Austrian companies and this study also focuses on the uncertainty and the increasing volatility that has affected the forecasting behavior in comparison with the pre-crises time.

Analysis of Linear Programming

1.       Objective of the Paper

The main objective of this paper is to develop methods for selecting certain subsets from the set N of non-dominated points for multiple-objective linear programming problems. Moreover, it also focusses on the selection of subsets from the set of the non-dominated vectors in multiple objective linear programming. In this paper one subset is considered to be the set of points x in N and for this the objective function’s maximum deviation from an ideal vector is the minimum. The methods for creating the set of all non-dominated maximum points have been developed by numerous writers in the past. Furthermore, there are also some methods that have been developed for the description of the complete non-dominated set N as the union of maximal non-dominated faces. These methods have their importance because in the multiple objective linear programming problem, these are useful and can be used for the multiple purposes. When the set N is created then the usage of this set remains a problem in the decision process. This is why this paper has filled this gap and provide a solid grasp to resolve this problem. In this paper, different methods can be developed with the selection of the subsets of non-dominated set. In this paper, the most important part is the analysis of the relation of the compromise solutions along with the non-dominated solutions. For this purpose, a general framework is presented for the better understanding of the relation of non-dominated solutions and compromise solutions. Furthermore in this paper the compromise solutions are also discussed that are defined by w-norm and this main focuses can be on the linear multiple objective problem.

2.       Advanced Techniques and Methods Used in the Computations

In recent time, the techniques and methods have been changed in the computations and now more advanced and latest methods are used in the computations. This paper focuses on the selection of subsets from the set of the non-dominated vectors in multiple objective linear programming. It also provides a unique method that can be used to find out all the non-dominated compromise solutions when the Q(x) has alternate optima. Furthermore the solution of linear program O in order to obtain v can also be find out and then the non-dominated set that can be for the multiple objective program P is also created using one of the methods that are mentioned in this paper. It can be helpful to most of the people that can easily find solutions to the related problems. In this paper the optimal tableau is also discussed for the linear program Q and that can be used to find out the initial tableau that is required by the methods and to create the non-dominate set for P. Furthermore the details on the computational considerations in the solution of P are also discussed. A special case has also been comprehensively described in which the original multiple objective problem has three objectives. Then this multiple objective program can be reduced to the ordinary linear program. This happens because there are at least two of the three objectives can be constant. Furthermore, this paper also examines the extension of this method and for this a subset can be found out of NO, which can deliver the information relating to the objective function trade among the set of non-dominated points. The trade-off point is also discussed in this paper that is the important topic. The trade-off points provide the information about all the possible trade-offs and these points are also important because they are non-dominated compromise points. A method has been provided in the paper for the determination of the trade-off set in which an algorithm has been discussed that can generate the trade-off compromise set. This algorithm contains a finite sequence that can be helpful for the solutions. In the last a multiple objective program is used and an example is provided for the better understanding of the concept and this problem has five objectives where the main motive is to produce a procedure that can be interactive and also based on the Algorithm. This paper can contribute in the area of the selection of subsets from the set of the non-dominated vectors in multiple objective linear programming, with the useful and unique information that can help the readers to more focus on this topic and to develop a thought further to expand this area of study.

3.       Results and Conclusion Described in the Paper

The main objective of this paper was to study and analyze the develop methods for selecting certain subsets from the set N of non-dominated points for multiple-objective linear programming problems. There is a gap in this area of focus and this is why this study provides a comprehensive analysis on this topic that can not only help the readers to understand the topic easily, but it can also open their mind to further research and work on the similar areas and to expand it more. Furthermore, it also focusses on the selection of subsets from the set of the non-dominated vectors in multiple objective linear programming. There are different methods that have been discussed along with the examples for the clear understanding. These methods have their importance when it comes to the multiple objective linear programming. For this reason, this paper provide a solid grasp to resolve these problems so that one can solve easily. In this paper, different methods can be developed with the selection of the subsets of non-dominated set.

Electronic Cigarette – A Great Alternative to Tobacco Cigarette

The e-cigarette is really a wonderful device, which offers smokers a healthier alternative option. It is also beneficial as it enables smokers to smoke less, thus helping them in the long run to quit smoking completely.

In bigger than average doses, nicotine can act as a very hazardous poison and can affect a human heart, hormones and blood vessels. When a person inhales nicotine smoke through the lungs, it reaches the brain within seconds and damages the tissues over time. Besides the nicotine, tar goes into the lungs through every puff and this amount rises exponentially along with each and every puff and after some time, it forms some sort of a sticky mass in human lungs. A compound carbon monoxide can restrict the red blood cells ability to transport oxygen all through the human body. Mostly chemicals stay in the lungs through smoke and can cause further damage to the lungs.

Nowadays, in the 4^th generation of e-cigarette, it has become more and more user-friendly than ever. The earlier sorts of e-cigarettes were a bit large and had less appeal. Now, the current e-cigarette offers the exact length as the conventional cigarette.

An e-cigarette contains just the taste of tobacco; however, none of tobacco’s harmful substances are found in these e-cigarettes that allow smokers to use these and be satisfied without inhaling any dangerous toxins.

An atomizer, a battery and the renewable nicotine chamber allows smokers to hold and smoke e-cigarettes just as they would a conventional cigarette, even blowing "smoke" like vapor as well as obtaining the glow achieved as they draw from the e-cigarette. The e-cigarette’s nicotine chamber attests very beneficial as cartridges are accessible in various strengths, allowing a smoker to lessen the amount of nicotine intake till if they want, they can quit smoking entirely.

Typically, a nicotine cartridge can be used the same as 15-20 tobacco cigarettes, consequently providing a huge savings to the budget. Standard, low or no nicotine strength cartridges are available for every type of user.

Pros of the e-Cigarette

Some advantages of e-cigarettes are as under:

·         E-cigarettes are now legal to smoke in all public places

·         In the winter season, cigarette smokers have to brave the freezing cold and rain to enjoy a smoking break; however, the e-cigarette allows them the opportunity to remain inside homes, offices, pubs and restaurants

·         There will be no hazard for non-smokers, as their concerns about the passive smoking will be rendered invalid due to the e-cigarette

·         E-cigarettes offer a sociable environment

·         The e-cigarette is a cheaper and environment-friendly alternative to conventional smoking

·         E-cigarette has great potential to successfully replace tobacco cigarettes

·         A regular smoker will feel physically better after using e-cigarettes

·         There will be no need for gums, nicotine patches or any pills

·         It offers a money back guarantee

·         You can purchase it online and it will be delivered to your doorstep

·         The price is reasonable and one e-cigarette will cost equal to 100 conventional cigarettes

In a nutshell, electronic cigarettes pose no health hazards and through their help, anybody can successfully quit smoking.

How to Stop Smoking

It has been proven through studies that just 7% of people who wish to kick their smoking habit succeed in doing so. The other 93% of people have a heck of a time giving up this high-risk habit.

Everyone knows the dangers that lurk in a tobacco cigarette. Conventional cigarette smoke can have more than 4000 chemicals in it, including forty-three compounds that can cause cancer and over 400 other various toxins such as nicotine, formaldehyde, tar and carbon monoxide, ammonia, arsenic, hydrogen cyanide and even D.D.T.  In addition, you may have always wondered why smoking is considered so dangerous to peoples’ health!

Besides these, nicotine is really addictive and can act as a stimulant to the human brain if taken in small doses. When taken in higher doses, nicotine can act like a depressant and can inhibit the signals’ flow between human nerve cells.

Quitting smoking is really difficult and people who smoke know of its hazards. However, if someone is seriously concerned about his or her health, then they soon realize that they must stop smoking. By following the steps below one can easily overcome this bad habit and consequently stop smoking for good.

PACE 1

First, one has to be motivated and focused to quit smoking. One must have a wish to get rid of nicotine, as it’s a devil. Now, one should combine the inner desire, which involves dedication, self-control determination, and self-commitment along with a strong educational plan and other techniques learned from e-books, websites, therapists, articles, as well as audio/ video programs.

PACE 2

Make a smooth plan and use a strategy to help you stop smoking.

PACE 3

Lose all of your smoking buddies for some time. Write your optimistic thoughts, and then read those to assist your decision, daily.

PACE 4

You may take on the help of NLP or hypnotherapy. Hypnotherapy helps people resist the temptation to smoke.

PACE 5

An herbal diet can also be helpful in quitting smoking. Beets, raisins, and lima beans are really helpful during your shot at quitting smoking.

PACE 6

There is no magic, which can bring out you from this bad habit. A few products may help you a bit, but not may result in a huge difference.

PACE 7

Use tricks, aids and tools. An electronic cigarette is an electronic smoking gadget, which is a tiny battery powered device; it provides users with simulated smoking pleasure without any tobacco, smell, carbon monoxide or ashes. The e-cigarette is the same size as a normal tobacco cigarette; it tastes like a tobacco cigarette, without any of the dangerous chemicals that can be detrimental to health. It is 100% legal and can be smoked anywhere.

It’s all about your willingness to quit smoking and how much you desire to be smoke free. You have to believe in you. You can do it.

The electronic cigarette is a brilliant and truly exclusive idea, which can help anybody “kick the habit.”